Course: Biology-III (6453) Semester: Autumn, 2022
Level: B.Ed. (2.5/4-Year) Credit Hours: 03
Assignment no1
Q.1 How Animals Could Be Classified into Different Levels?
The classification of animals involves organizing them into a hierarchy of categories based on shared characteristics. This hierarchy includes various levels, such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Each level becomes more specific as we move down the hierarchy. Let’s consider the example of lions to understand this concept better.
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Carnivora
- Family: Felidae
- Genus: Panthera
- Species: Leo
In this example, the lion belongs to the Animalia kingdom, Chordata phylum (due to its possession of a backbone), Mammalia class (as it is a warm-blooded vertebrate with mammary glands), Carnivora order (indicating its carnivorous nature), Felidae family (within the cat family), Panthera genus (encompassing big cats), and Panthera Leo species, which specifically denotes the lion.
Q.2 Sources of Proteins
Proteins are essential macromolecules that play diverse roles in the functioning of living organisms. They are composed of amino acids and are crucial for growth, repair, and regulation of various processes. Sources of proteins include:
- Meat: Lean cuts of poultry, beef, pork, and game meats.
- Fish: Salmon, tuna, cod, and other seafood.
- Dairy: Milk, cheese, yogurt, and eggs.
- Legumes: Beans, lentils, chickpeas, and soy products.
- Nuts and Seeds: Almonds, walnuts, chia seeds, and sunflower seeds.
Q.3 Difference Between Centriole and Microtubules
Centrioles and microtubules are both vital components of eukaryotic cells, but they serve distinct functions within the cell.
- Centriole: Centrioles are cylindrical structures composed of microtubules. They play a crucial role in cell division, organizing spindle fibers that aid in chromosome separation.
- Microtubules: Microtubules are dynamic tubular structures composed of protein subunits. They form the cytoskeleton, providing structural support and aiding intracellular transport.
Here’s a diagram to visualize the difference:
[Insert Diagram of Centriole and Microtubules]
Q.4 Identification of Different Organs in Animals and Their Roles in the Human Body
Animals have a variety of organs, each with specific functions. In the human body, organs contribute to the overall well-being and survival of an individual:
- Heart: Pumping oxygen-rich blood throughout the body.
- Lungs: Facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration.
- Liver: Metabolizing nutrients, detoxifying substances, and producing essential molecules.
- Brain: Controlling thoughts, movements, and vital bodily functions.
- Kidneys: Filtering waste products from the blood and maintaining fluid balance.
Q.5 Exploring ATP: How Cells Convert Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that stores and releases energy in cells. It is often referred to as the “energy currency” of cells. ATP is produced through cellular respiration and provides the energy required for various cellular processes, including muscle contraction, active transport, and synthesis of molecules.
In cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to release energy, which is used to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells. The energy stored in ATP is released when the terminal phosphate group is cleaved, forming adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate.